NMN
Also known as: NMN, Nicotinamide Mononucleotide
NMN is a direct biosynthetic precursor of NAD+ used to raise cellular NAD+ levels. It is studied for longevity, metabolic health, and mitochondrial function. Note: NMN is a small-molecule NAD+ precursor, not a peptide, but is catalogued with longevity research compounds.
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Mechanism of Action
Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is generated from nicotinamide and PRPP via NAMPT and is converted to NAD+ by the NMNAT family of enzymes, placing it one step from NAD+ in the salvage pathway. By supplying this precursor, NMN raises intracellular NAD+ pools that fuel sirtuin activity, PARP-mediated DNA repair, and mitochondrial energy metabolism. Cellular uptake is supported by the transporter Slc12a8 in some tissues, allowing NMN to bypass slower de novo synthesis. The resulting increase in NAD+ availability is the basis for NMN's investigated effects on metabolic flexibility, vascular function, and biological aging.
- Half-life
- Short in plasma as NMN is rapidly taken up and converted to NAD+
- Administration Routes
- oral
- Research Status
- Research Chemical
Reported Benefits
- Directly raises cellular NAD+ levels
- Supports sirtuin-driven longevity pathways
- Studied for improved insulin sensitivity and metabolic health
- Investigated for enhanced mitochondrial energy production
- Explored for vascular and endothelial function
- May support physical endurance in study models
Potential Side Effects
- Generally well tolerated in short human trials
- Possible mild nausea or stomach upset
- Transient headache or flushing
- Limited long-term human safety data
Common Dosing
For research use only and not personal medical advice: human pilot studies have explored oral ranges around 250-900 mg daily, with the exact regimen varying by study design. Not a substitute for medical guidance.
The dosing information above is aggregated from research literature and anecdotal community reports for educational purposes only. It is not a recommendation, prescription, or medical advice. Peptides are sold as research chemicals only and are not intended for human use.
Contraindications
- Pregnancy or breastfeeding due to limited safety data
- Known hypersensitivity
- Active malignancy without clinician oversight
NAD+
NAD+ is an essential coenzyme central to cellular energy production and DNA repair whose levels decline with age. It is studied and supplemented for longevity, mitochondrial function, and metabolic health. Note: NAD+ is a coenzyme, not a peptide, commonly sold alongside longevity research compounds.
MOTS-c
MOTS-c is a mitochondrial-derived peptide encoded within the 12S rRNA region that acts as a regulator of metabolism. It is studied for improving insulin sensitivity, metabolic flexibility, and exercise capacity.
Humanin
Humanin is a mitochondrial-derived peptide studied for its cytoprotective, neuroprotective, and metabolic effects. The HNG (Humanin-G) analog is a more potent variant frequently used in research.
5-Amino-1MQ
5-Amino-1MQ is a small-molecule inhibitor of the enzyme NNMT, studied in animal models for its potential to reduce fat storage and support metabolic health.
SS-31 (Elamipretide)
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide studied for protecting mitochondrial function in conditions involving oxidative stress and energy failure. It has been investigated clinically for mitochondrial myopathy and heart and kidney disease.
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Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women
2021
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The efficacy and safety of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) supplementation in healthy middle-aged adults: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, dose-dependent clinical trial
2023
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Oral Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Is Safe and Efficiently Increases Blood Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Levels in Healthy Subjects
2022
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Long-Term Administration of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Mitigates Age-Associated Physiological Decline in Mice
2016