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Also known as: Thymulin
Thymulin is a zinc-dependent thymic nonapeptide hormone that supports T-cell maturation and modulates immune and neuroendocrine signaling. It is studied as an immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory agent.
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Thymulin is secreted by thymic epithelial cells and requires bound zinc to become biologically active; the metal ion confers the conformation needed for receptor engagement. It promotes differentiation and functional maturation of T lymphocytes and modulates cytokine release, generally dampening pro-inflammatory mediators such as TNF-alpha and IL-1. Acting on the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, it also participates in bidirectional neuroendocrine-immune crosstalk. Its activity is tightly coupled to circulating zinc availability, which declines with age and immunosenescence.