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Also known as: EPO, Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein hormone, produced mainly by the kidneys, that stimulates red blood cell production. Recombinant EPO is an established clinical therapy for anemia.
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EPO is produced by renal peritubular fibroblasts in response to tissue hypoxia, sensed via the HIF (hypoxia-inducible factor) pathway. It binds the dimeric erythropoietin receptor on erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, activating JAK2/STAT5 signaling. This promotes the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of red blood cell precursors, increasing red cell mass and oxygen-carrying capacity. EPO receptors on non-erythroid tissues also underlie investigated cytoprotective and tissue-protective effects.